Estimation of Modulus of Deformation Using Rock Mass Rating—A Review and Validation Using 3D Numerical Modelling

The Himalayan region has enormous potential for hydropower development. However, variations in geological and geotechnical conditions pose challenging tasks the designers. If these are not tackled a timely manner during underground excavations, especially caverns, instabilities may occur, resulting time cost over-runs. For sustainable development, minimizing over-runs is necessary. modulus of deformation (Ed) rock mass an essential input parameter required design excavations. This study involves collecting results extensive situ tested values various hydroelectric projects regions, along with rating (RMR) at 35 test sites. Ed estimated empirically based on statistical analysis. Comparisons were made empirical equations already available literature, using RMR proposed equation estimating Ed. Although different researchers have many value RMR, gap exists validating such equations. In this regard, was verified by carrying out 3D numerical-modelling studies FLAC3D, explicit finite-difference software powerhouse cavern comparing displacement field instrumentation data.